Power installation



June 19, 1928. 1,674,610

A. PFAU POWER INSTALLATION Original Filed Sept. 24, 1924 Patented June19, 1-928.

UNITED STATES WARE.

PATENT OFFICE.

ARNOLD PI AU, OI MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN, ASSIGNOR 'IO ALLIS-CHALKERS MANU-IAC'IUBING COMPANY, OF MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN, A CORPORATION OF DELA-POWEB INSTALLATION.

Original application filed September 24,1924, Serial 10. 739,476, and inCanada September 28, 1924.

Divided and this application d-led July 20, 1925. Serial llo. 44,708.

This invention relates in general to power installations and it hasparticular relation to h dro-electric power installations where theydraulic machine is o erative under or against a widely varying ead.

Turbines of hydraulic power plants which are subject to a highlyvariable head such, for instance, as certain streams or the high and lowtide of the ocean, suffer a considerable loss in the power developed.This is particularly the case with ve low heads where even a slightchange 1n the head amounts to quite a considerable portion of the fullnormal head. For instance, if the normal net head is 4.5 meters, thehighest head 6 meters, and the lowest head two metare, the total averageamounts to 4 meters or 88.8% of the normal head.

It is well known that the number of revolutions or speed of a turbinevaries with the s uare root of the net head. For instance, i? therevolutions are 100 per minute on the 16 meters head, it is 100 dividedby i, or about 71 revolutions under 8 meters, and it is 100 divided byJ4 or 50 revolutions, that is, half of the former amount when the headhas dropped to of the maximum head.

If the turbine is directly connected to an alternating currentgenerator, it should al ways operate at the same number of revolutions,otherwise the number of'periods or frequency of the current wouldchange, and

this would render parallel operation with other generators impossible.Therefore, if. a turbine were normally designed for 100 revolutionsunder '16 meters net head, it would have to develop under'4 meters head,

. not revolutions, but twice as much, that is, 100- revolutions, inorder to produce current of the-proper number of periods of freque'ncy.,A turbine operating at a speed whichis' 100 per cent higher than normal,

however, shows, such unfavorable hydraulic elliciencics that 'it becomesuncommercial to still use a turbine for such operating con;

tained normal by using in steps belt drives or similar devices withproper transmlssion rat1os. This arrangement, however, is im- -possibleWhere large units are used and par ticularly when the turbine andgenerator are directly coupled, which is the most favorable mechanicalsolution.

The power developed by the turbine is even more sensitively affected bya change in the net head; first, on account of the head itself, second,on account of the discharge capacity .It is well known that Q1=Q2 1/1'=1/ z where Q,,=quantity of water under the head H 'Q,=quantity ofwater under the head H HP,=power at head H HP power at head H Thecapacity or power of the turbine, however, is also subjected to avariation in the efficiency of the turbine, -and this deviates more fromthe best value asv the number of revolutions or speed is greater or lessthan the normal speed I Therefore, if the power or capacity, forinstance, under 16 meters net head, is 4000 H. P., then it is, accordingto the above'formulae, only 500 H. P. under 4 meters, and this does notas yet' consider the loss of power due to reduced efiiciency. Now, ifthe turbine must maintain its .100 revolutions, it would have to runtwice as fast as is necessary in order to maintain its, normal.efiiciency. Therefore, the efliciency will drop to such extent thatnothing will be left of the 500 P. Inother words, the turbinewill-produce; no wer and, therefore, re resents a dead capitalinvestment.

or medium or high variable heads or, in general, for conditions whichpermit of the use of, horizontal shaft units, the problem of theeconomical utilization of head can .be

solved by arranging the hydraulic parts in two separate hydraulic eements, one located on each side of the generator. The

Francis turbine which applicant has disclosed in United States PatentNo. 1,023,585,

- dated April 16, 1912, and which is a double overhung Francis turbine,can be employed Y in such a manner that one side utilizes thehigh headand the opposite side utilizes the low head. In this case, the absolutenum ber ofrevolutions of the two turbine sides are naturally the same,whereas the individual capacities ofthe turbines are selected employed,not two different turbines, but

cerned with rather two different dynamo-electric machines, such asgenerators, or a single machine having, characteristics such as areordinarily' possessed by two separate machines.

The present application 1s a continuation in part of applicantscopending application Ser. No; 498,720, filed Sept. 6, 1921, the claimsof the latter application being conelectric insta lation, and thepresent application is a division of applicants copending applicationSenNo. 7 39,47 6, filed September 24, 1925, the present applicationbeing more directly concerned with the re ulated control of a hydraulicpower installation broadly.

As a feature of this invention, there is disclosed a special speedgovernor arrangemerit, the ap aratus being adapted to regulate theturbme so as to maintain the speed thereof constant at a plurality ofdifferent selected values required to insure the. ro-

/ duction of electrical energy of the desired constant frequency whenthe dynamo-electric machine unit is operating as a generator.

' As a further. feature, the control of the hydro-electric system, as tothe-necessary changesor o erations to accommodate for difference in tehead onthe turbine or other variable characteristic, is renderedautomatic in response to an operating condition, such .as a change ineffective head or pressure on the hydraulic turbine.

It is an object of this invention to provide the above described andother related improvements in hydraulic power systems, all as willbeapparent from the drawingsand description relative thereto, disclosingan embodiment of this invention, and as will be -more particularlyapparent from the claims herein. A

In the accom anying drawings:

Fig. 1 is a iagrammatic showing of a hydro-electric system embodyingfeatures of this invention, parts of the hydro-electric installationbeing shown in section.

Fig. 2 is a schematic showing of a feature of operation of the speedcontrolling governor forming part of the system of Fig. 1.

neral features of the hydro- In iaccordance with the disclosure of thedrawings, the turbine A'is directly coupled with the electric generatorunit B, made up of the generator elements B, and B and the exciter C.All rotating parts of this unit are carried on the thrust bearing D. Theturbine may be automaticall controlled by a governor acting on theregulating shaft E, as will be described hereinafter.

The generator B consists of a rotor fixed on the main shaftand havingtwo sets of poles B, and B soarranged that the set B, produces therequired number of periods or frequency p at a speed it and a number ofpoles w, and the other set B produces the same number of periods p at aspeed n and m poles. Similarly, two separate stator elements S, and Sare provided, corre B,,, respectively, the field element B, and and thestator S, constituting the generator B, and the field element 13 and itsstator S constituting the generator B,,. The exciter C is so dimensionedthat it furnishes current for either one of the two alternator sets. 7

The generator B, is connected, through a circuit 4 and a switch 5, whenin its upper closed osition, to a circuit 6; and the generator b isconnected through a circuit 7 and the switch 5, when in its lower closedposition, to the circuit 6. The circuit 6 is connected, permanently orthrough a circuit opening switch, to the line circuit 8. The switch 5 ispreferably biased to a neutral open position, as b a spring 9,.and ispositively actuated to 0th its upper and lower closed positions in amanner as will be described hereinafter, so as to connect the generatorsB,-and B,,, respectively, to the'line circuit 8.

Let us now assume that the turbine is to utilize any head between thelimits H and .of the turbine is so selected that the desired uniformfrequency 2 is obtained with the corresponding even number of poles.instance, if the best speed of the turbine for head it be 150 and forhead It be 120, the pole set B, has 40 poles and the other pole set Bhas 50'poles, if current of a fre uency of 50 cycles per second isrequired.

nder the low head It, the turbine naturally develops less power at fullgate than it does under the high head h, therefore, generator B, can bedesigned for a c0rrespondingly smaller capacity in order to operate atbest efliciency.

The speed of the whole unit ABCD For can be held within desirable limitsby an automatic governor ,of known construction.

- If the governor is driven mechanically, that is, if it is driven fromthe main shaft directly, then two 'transmissions must be pro- \jided,corresponding to the two difie'rent eeds n and-n of the turbine, forinstance r controlling the two speeds n and n can be seen from Figures 1and 2 and can be accomplished in the manner described hereinbelow.

The drawing shows schematically a servo- I motor M of well knownconstruction, such enings of turbines. The regu brought back This isattained by the relay R and the ide-vane 0 ating valve receives fluidpressure, as indicated at K, and admits same, according to the positionofthe regulating valve piston V,, either to a passage K, communicatingwith the front side of the regulating piston M of the servoas is usedfor controlling the motor M, or to a passage K communicating with therear side of the regulating piston M,. The desired actuation of theturbine uide vanes or other controlling means for t e turbine A istransmitted from the regulating ,piston M, of the servo-motor anysuitable well-known manner. For convenience, a rod may be provided atthe rear side of the piston and passing through a sealed aperture in therear end wall of the cylinder, this rod being connected through a rod orlink M to an operating arm E, on the regulatiag shaft E. i

The motion of the regulating piston M, g

is transmitted to a relay R; A s ed overnor P receivesits revolutions troug a drive T from the turbine shaft and transmits the motion of theshifting collar or stud of the governor to the floating lever VPR. Assoon as the regulating valve piston V, is raised out of its midposition, fluid pressure K reaches the front side K, of the regulatingpiston M,, moving the latter until the regulating valve piston V, is toits former mid position.

floating lever R-P-V in such a way that the forward motion of theregulating piston M, produces an upward motion of the end Botthe-floating lever, causing the regulating valve piston V, to belowered after it had first been raised by the speed governor.

Thecorresponding strokes of the collar of the speed governor P'produce'strokes f and f on the relay in the following proportion:

where f and f are strokes of the relay R corresponding to strokes a and8, respectively, of the collar of thespeed governor P, and (P--V) is'the'length of that portion of the floating lever between the speed gov-M in the part strokes of the collar of the or of corresponding relaystrokes,

' that the speeds n and a corresponding ernor P and the regulating valveV, and (R-V) is the total length of the floating lever between the relayR and the regulating valve V.

To each position of the collar therecorreggn;

speed variation of the speed governor; and the values arm; ,1 v v andwhere d is the degree of speed variation be-- se is conventionallytermed the total degree of,

tween speeds n, and 11,, or corresponding positions of thegovernorcollar, and (Z is the,

degree of variation between speeds n, and

n,, or corresponding positions of the governor collar.

These values d and (1 then indicate the corresponding degrees of speedvariation of overnor', M f and f. With reference to the function of theservmmotor M, f' and f are generally termed active strokes, of the'speedgovernor, that is, the strokenecessaryfor pro-,

ducing the total stroke of the regulating piston M p By shifting thehand wheel R, along the relay rod R, in upward or downward di rection,these active relay strokes f and f can be distributed at will over thewhole a From this, it follows n, or the mid positions active strokes ofthe stroke E, Figure 2.

of the corresponding speed governor,

m and n and this consequently controlsthe,

corresponding speeds of the turbine.

If the total stroke of the collar of the speed governor is selectedlarge, as also the difierence in the speeds m and n that is, thecorresponding degree .of variation of the speeds governor is e I do? v pthen it is possible to control by the same governor for the speeds n andn of the turspeed as'indicated in Figure are such that thesecorresponding mid poslfrom'formula (1) we obtain bine A pertaining tothe two generator units B. and E According to the selected s1- tion ofthe hand wheel R we can, t erefore, regulate around the mid position ofthe relay.

For example Assume that d.,=%, d=d=6%, n=150, and n"=120= then I I v andfrom formula (3), we obtain n,'.=154.5, and n =145.5

from formula (2), we obtain n,'=123.6, and n', =1 1e.4

n 162, and n 108' The spaces 1, 2, 3 and 4, indicated in Figure 2,therefore, correspond to differences in' numbers of revolutions of 7 .5,10.5, 11.4, and

8.4, respectively, and therefore still permit a substantial variation ofboth regions of 2.5 .dJIGC-tlOll.

speed a and'n' in upward and downward With this. arrangement, therefore,we can at both operating speeds n can be controlled with the same on therewheel R beingthe specific means shown for securing the desired result.

' The springs of the governor are of such strength as to produce thedesired governing effect through a wide active range, to there byobtaina regulating effect that produces a plurality of constant-speeds of theturbine,

'. these speeds correspon f oeives the current directly ieither'fromgenbee ing to different settings. of the adjusting wheel R, on the rod RThis desired regulation is such that the full stroke of the regulatingor compensatingmechanism, such as the valve V of the servo-motor,corresponding to the full stroke f, f in either direction from suchnormal speeds, corresponds toonly partial stroke of t e governor flyball device, the effect bein such as to produce constant speedindependently of a variation in the load of the turbine betweensubstantially. no load and the desired limit of overload; and further,this desired regulation to produce constant speed at variable load isobtainable for any one ifwidely variant operating speeds, such as nightcorrespond to operation of the turuine under conditions of variablehead.

Another method of controlling the two speeds n and n' is possible byemploying a meet drive of the speed governor by means of an electricsynchronous motor which re- .desired change in 'erator B with a numberof periods or directly from generator B, with the same number of periodsp; or this synchronous turbine A and the generator elements B B,,

of such a'unit could be so built that A acts as a turbine, firstrotating in a given direction and delivering electrical energy with oneof the two generators B. or B transforming such energy, under the speedit or n, respectively into electric energy of the constant nuinber oferiods of frequency 12, or that the turbine X rotates in a directionopposite to the former and operates as a pump absorbin energy which isfurnished by the motors ,B formerl operating as generators, the energysupplie to the motors being at the common frequency but the motorsoperatin at the difierentspeeds n and n, respective y. t

In certain installations where the variation in head occurs relativelyoften or at a relatively rapid rate, it may be desirable that theadjusting wheel R, vbe automatically 'shiftable to-its several positionson the rod R corresponding to the several desired operating s eeds. Thisdesired operation of the end of the lever VP-R may be secured by meansof electro-magnets' or a motor, preferably a reversible one,

shift the position of the'adjustingjwheel as the head on the turbinevaries or passes predetermined limiting values. One desirable method ofsecuring the desired result might be to provide floats in the head waterand tail water with such a mechanical or elecacting to.

trical connection 'therebetween as would g produce a resultantdifl'erential movement corresponding to the difference in level betweenhead water and tail water,-this differentially movable element beingoperable to close contacts of a reversible motor as the difference inlevel reaches predetermined values corresponding to the average net headfor the different operating speeds. There may be provided'an automaticcutout or other device that renders the motor inoperative when theadjusting wheel R has been shifted to the desired position and theconnections between the consumption circuit and the generators has umade. 7

'guided' and passing over 1 jack shafts 14, 15, respectively, of amechanical difi'erential, the floats 12 and 13,-

The particular embodiment of this feature of automatic control selectedfor specific illustration and description herein includes the provisionofa float 12 in the head water of the turbine and a float 13 inthe,-tail water of the turbine with flexible cords or chains connected toeach of these floats andsuit-ably 13, and hence, the net effectiveheadon theturbine The segment 21 carriesan operating arm 23 havin aloose connection with the movable switch arm 24, preferably of thespring, snapoperated type, which in its lower position closes thecircuit through contact 25, as in dicated, and inits upper position isadapted to close a circuit through contact 26.. The

circuits through the switch 24 and the{ contacts 25 and 26 are suppliedfrom a direct current supply line 27 \Vhen the switch 24 is in theposition indicated,- a' circuit is closed' through the contact 25and'an'ener- ,gizing winding 28 of an electro-magnetically actuated switch29, and through an energizing winding 30 of aswitcht'o be'des'cribed Vhereinafter. Whenv thefswitch 24 is in the position 26, it closes a;circuit through an izing winding 31 of an electro-magyac't'uated switch32 and also through nergizing' winding 34 of an electromag'netica-lly oerated switch to be described hereinafter.

energizing :windin 37 of an operatin electro-magnet for t e switch 5;and a switc 39, manually or automatically operated,1n

. connection with the switch ;32 controls an energizing winding 38 of'asecond operating electro-magnet for the switch 5. The movable switcharms 36 and39 are providedwith stops for-cooperation with-latchesorhooks 40 mounted on the "stems of or otherwise -mechanicallyassociated-with the switches 29 and 32, 'so" as to provide for thepositiveactuation of the switch 36 to open position when the switch 29is moved to open position and for similar actuation to'open position ofthe switch 39, when the switch 32 is moved to open position A movablebridging switch-member 41 is When thehydraulic turb' connected-to themovable part ofthe electro 19 or the indicating needleswitch 36, eithermanuall I or automaticaly operated, in connection wit the switch 29,controls a circuit through the magnet energized by 'thewinding so torovide for actuation of this switch memer 'b the electro-ma' net,thisswitch mem l ber c osing a circuit t rough the contacts 42 in oneoperative position, and through the contacts 43 in another operativeposition, A

second movable bridging switch member-45 is mechanically associated withthe-electro--= magnet energized by the winding- 34'and is 76 switchcontacts 46 in one operative-positionand to close a circuit through the''contacts 47- I operative 'to close a -circu-it throughthe in anotheroperative position; 114s indicated,-

the operating stemsor rods of the "elctro fz magnetically actuatedswitches 41and45are mechanically connected so as "to -providefor' 1 46,when the device is in one operativepos tion, and the switch'41closingthecircuit through contacts 43 and 'theswitch 45 closs simultaneous-operation,-the switch=1411clos-: ing a circuit through 'con'tact'sj 42and"the-' switch 45 closing a circuitthrough contacts ing a circuitthrough contacts- 47 when thew I device is in the secondoperative"position;

The contacts 42, 43, 46 and- 47 are located in V the supply circuit of am otor "51' andpro- 'vide for forward and reverse'operation of i thismotor} "A pinion 52' isprovided on" the motorshaft,the same beinengageable with a gear 53 attached to the a justing wheel R on the"relayrod R In the motor circuit""' through the switch 42, is located aswitch 56 biased to closed position and operable to.

open position by an electro-magnethaving a an energizing w1nding'57; andinthe motor circuit through contacts 43, there is disposed a switch 58biased to closed position andoperable" toopen position by an electro-,-magnet havi'ngan energizing winding-159'.

The circuit of the energizing winding 57 is completed through aswitchelement 61, and

a switch element 62; and the I energizing winding 59 is completedthrough a switch 63 and a switch 64.

A portion of the adjusting wheel R is} provided' with a projection or.flange- 67 adapted to actuate the switches 61 and 63m.

closed position, these switches being assumed to be biased to openposition. However, this operating means may include a loose connectionor portion betwen the element 67 and the several switches, whichinsurespositive operation of these switches to both-open and dosedposition; and these switches 61' and 63 maybe. of the snap-operatedtype.

iThe' preferable means for connecting the end I of the lever V--P- -R tothe adjusting wheel R, includes a" sleeve 68 held between flan s onthe-rotatable adjusting'wheel proper, t is sleeve being held. againstrotation in anysui'table manner and having the end of the.

lever connected tothi's non-rotatable sleeve.

Theswi-tch-actuati'ng projection 67,..is pref erably mounted on thesleeve 68};

is operat position through energization o the wind- 'ing under itahiwheel R thes vvitdh 61 in closed osition and the fulcrum of the lever V--R at-the her head H, the ad'usting is in t e position indicate with ing37 of its operating electro-ma'gnet. The

' speed of the unit is re lated under conitions of variable 10 by theovernor P andits servo-motor acting upon t e guide vanes of the turbine.

As the net effective head on the turbine A drops to a predeterminedpoint, the indicating needle 21 is shifted; and as it reaches aredetermined head indication, the switch 24 "1s shifted to open thecircuit through the contact 25 and to close the circuit through thecontact 26. Opening of the circuit through the contact 25 causesde-energiza- 30.

tion of the windings 28 and 30, with a consequent'opening of theswitches. 29 and 36 and 'conse uent de-energization of the winding 37 anshifting of the switch 5 to its neutral open position. Opening of theswitch 29 causes opening of the switch 62 and closure of the switch 64,because of the mechanical connection between the Switch 29 and the othertwo switches; Closure of the circuit contact 26 causes ener ization ofthe wind ing' 31 and closure 0 the switch 32, and energization of thewinding 34, with consequent openin of the circuit through contacts42-and 46 an closure of the circuit throu h the contacts 43 and 47, thuscompleting t e operatin circuit of the motor 51, through the switc 58.

- Operation of the motor 51' causes shifting 5 of the-adjusting wheel Rwhich carries the ivotal su port. for one end of the lever -P'R dbwnalong the relay rod R the operating element 67 permitting opening of theswitch 61 with consequent de-energization of the winding 57 and closureof the switch 56, and this element 67 finally causes closure of theswitch 63, thus completing the circuit through the energizing-winding 59andcausing opening of the switch 58 in the motor circuit, withconsequent stoppa of the motor 51. It will be apparent t at asuitablebraking device may be, supplied to cause actual stoppage of the motorwithin --any desired or predetermined interval.

With-the adjusting wheel Rgwin its new position corresponding to thelower speed at which it is desired to maintain the turbine oint to A,the switch 39 may be closed manually, or automatically through thecircuit which is completed by closure of the switch 63, closure of thelatter switch and consequent opening of the switch 58 causingde-energization of the winding 7 5- of an electromagnet whose core isbiased, as by' gravity, to a lower position and has a projection 76which on downward movement of the core, due to de-energization of themagnet, co-

.operates with a suitably formed portion of the switch 39 and forces thelatter, as through impact thereon, into closed position. Since theswitch 32 is closed at this time, there is no interference from thelatter in the closing of the switch 39. The dimensions and design of theelectro-magnets associated with the switches 32 and 39 are such thatopening of the switch 32 is efiective to cause opening of the switch 39against any norma bias of the core of the electromagnet having theenergizing winding 75, Closure of the switch 39 energizes the winding 38thus causing actuation of the switch 5 to its lower operative positionwherein it connects the generator 13,, to the supply line 8. Underordinary conditions, the turbine A will probably have assumed its newoperating speed during shiftin of the adjusting wheel R This new spec ofthe turbine is maintained by the governor P, with the new setting of theadjusting wheel R and the servo-motor operating upon the guide vanes ofthe turbine.

It will be apparent that during the further operation of theinstallation, as the head on the turbine increases again to the upperpredetermined value, the switch 24 will be again shifted to open thecircuit through the contact 26 and close the circuit through the contact25, this action causing operation of the various switches to thepositionsindicated in the drawing, and the adjustin wheel R to its upperposition, as indicate wherein the overnor is again effective to maintainthe igher operating speed of the turbine.

With this arrangement for thus varying features of the operation of theturbine, such as the speed and, hence, the amount of water used, as maybe required or determined by variations in the available su ly of waterat the turbine inlet, the availahi ply is economically and eflicientlyused; and the ca ital investment involved in the installation is made topay an increased return.

While the hydro-electric unit described above finds great utility whenconnected with a distribution circuit whose frequency is definitelyestablished by means other than .said unit, nevertheless, it findsconsiderable utility whenit is the only power unit connected to orestablishing the frequency of the distribution circuit, for through theIt should be understood hat the invention claimed is not limited to theexact details of construction and design or the embodiment or use shownor described herein, for

various modifications and other embodiments and uses of the inventionwill be apparent to persons skilled in the art.

It is claimed and desired to secure by Letters Patent:

1. In a hydraulic turbine installation, a hydraulic turbine subject tooperation under varying conditions related to the motive fluid supply,and means including a governor automatically controlled in response toconditions related to said motive fluid supply and adapted to maintain aplurality of controlled conditions of operation of said machine duringsaid variations in said supply conditions.

2. In a hydraulic turbine installation, a hydraulic turbine subject tooperation under widely varying fluid heads, andgoverning means includinginstrumentalities respon-.

sive to a condition attendant upon the operation of said unitrforinsuring operation of said unit at a lurality of' controlled speedsthroughout sald range of variation of said head.

3. In a hydraulic turbine installation, a hydraulic turbine subject tooperation under a widely varying range of head a servomotor forcontrolling admission of fluid to said turbine, a speed governorassociatedv with said turbine and with said servo-motor, andautomaticall controlled and adjustable means associated with saidgovernor for causing said servo-motor to maintain a plurality ofsubstantially constant speeds of said turbine throughout substantiallythe entire range of variation of said head.

4. In a power system, a prime mover, means for regulating the admissionof operating fluid to said prime mover, means for controlling saidregulating means to insure operation of said prime mover at apredetermined speed under normal running conditions, and meansautomatically responsive to a characteristic of the energy'ava'ilablefor conversion b said prime mover for causing said contro lin means toinsure controlled-operation 0 said prime mover at a speed other thansaidpredetermined speed.

5. In a power system, a prime mover,

means for regulating the admission of operating fluid to said primemover, speed responsive means .for controlling said regulating means toinsure o ration of said rime and mover at a substantia 1y constant sremote controlled means for modifying the means comprising actuatinginstrumentalities operativelyresponsive to a characterby said: rimemover.

6. A prising a h draulic turbine, means for governing sai turbine toinsure its normal speed-controlled operation for power-supplyingpurposes, and means res onsive to a characteristic of'the supply 0motive fluid .istic ofthe energy available for conversion for saidturbine for automatically adjust ing an o eratin characteristic of saidturbine whi e permitting its operation for power-suppl in purposes.

7. A hydraulic power installation, comprising a hydraulic turbinesubject to o eration under conditions of variable head t ereon, andfloat-controlled means responsive to the available effective head onsaid turbine for automatically adjusting an operating characteristic ofsaid turbine while permitting its operation for power-supplyingpurposes.

8. A hydraulic power installation, comprising a h draulic turbinesubject to variable availa le supply of water and operable at differentspeeds,'and means responsive to the effective suppl of water at theinlet of said turbine for a justing the speed of said turbine to-insureoperation thereof at a-plurality of controlled speeds.

ydraulic power'lnstallation, com- 9. A hydraulic power unit, comprisinga hydraulic turbine operable at ,difl'erent speeds, means forautomatically controlling t e speed of said turbine to insure themaintenance of a redetermined' substantially constant speed tliereof,and meansresponsive to an operating characteristic of said turbine foradjusting said speed controlling means to insure operation of saidturbine a under other automatically controlled condi-.

tions. 10. A hydraulic power installation, comprising a hydraulicstorage of variable available supply, a hydraulic turbine, means forcontrolling the speed of said turbine, and float-controlled andelectromagnetically act-'- uated means responsive to the availablesupply of water inisaid storage for adjusting said speedcontrollingmeans.

11., A hydraulic power unit, comprising a hydraulic turbine, means forautomatically" governing' said turbine to insure its operavtion at acontrolled speed, and means responsive to a condition attendant upontheoperation of said turbine for automatically adjusting said governingmeans.

12. A hydraulic power insallation, com; if. prising a hydraulic turbineoperable at different speeds, means for controlling the speedofsaidturbine, and means including an automatically and remote controlledelec- ,tric motor operatively responsive to varia '-tions in a conditionassociated with the op-- eration of said turbine for adjusting saidcontrolling means to insure controlled operaiton of said turbine undereither one of a plurality of operating conditions.

13. In a hydraulic power installation, a'

hydraulic turbine subject to operation under conditions of variableavailable head at the turbine inlet,.controlling means for saidturbineopcrative to maintain a predetermined speed thereof underconditions'of variable load thereon, and means responsive to theavailable head at the turbine inlet for caus- 'ing variation in theamount of power con- I vertible by said turbine during operationthereof.

14. A hydroelectric installation comprisa h draulic turbine subject to avariable availab e sup ly of water, and means inde-' pendent of t e loadon said turbine and responsive to a characteristic of the availablesupply of water for said turbine for determinin the maximum power thatmay be converte by said turbine while permitting its operation forpower-supplying purposes.

15. In combination, a hydraulic turbine constructed to operate under awidely varying range of head, a servo-motor for controlling admission offluid to said turbine, a

speed overnor associated with said turbine .and with said servo-motorand operative to insure the controlled operation of said turbineforpower-supplyingpurposes under a condition of normal operation thereof,and,

means'a utomatically operative in response to-the available head on saidturbine for .zcausing said governing means to insure a I diflereiitcharacter of control of said turbine for power-supplying purposes underanother condition of normal operation.

'16.- A hydraulic power installation, .comrising a h draulic turbineoperable at diferent s s, means comprising a s eed controlled governorincluding a ivote element for regulating .the supply 0 water to saidturbine, and means including a reversible eeds.

17. A h draulio power installation, comprising a ydraulic turbineoperable under variable head conditions, a speed controlled governorincluding a pivoted element for regulating thesupply of water to saidturbine, and means operatively responsive to the efiective head on saidturbine and slicetive to adjust a fulcrum of said pivoted element ofsaid governor to insure that the lat ter is capable of maintainingdifferent con,

controlled, speeds of operation of said' turbine.

I 18. The method of regulating a prime mover provided with an automaticspeed governor having along range of regulating speeds independentlyoff'variation's in'flth'e load on said machine, which compriseslimitingthe extent of active regulating motion of said governorjto aplurality of distinct and separate increments of said total range withineach of which said governor is effective to maintain a constant speed ofsaid prime mover, and utilizing a predetermined variation in a conditionattendant upon the operation of said prime mover to effect a change fromone range of regulating motion to anotherwith consequent change from onegoverned operating speed to another. 19. The method of regulating ahydraulic turbine unit comprising a hydraulic turbine and a speedgovernor having a long range of regulating motion, which compriseslimiting the extent of active regulating motion of said governor to anincrement of its range to produce a. predetermined controlled speed ofoperation of said unit, and limiting the extent of active regulatingmotion of V said governor to another increment of its range to produce asecond controlled speed of operation of said unit, and utilizing avariation in a predetermined condition attendant upon the operation ofsaid turbine for efl'ecting a change from one particular range ofregulating motion to another.

20. The method of controlling a hydraulic turbine unit subject to widelyvarying head to cause the hydraulic turbine to operate at any one of aplurality of substantially constant speeds independentl of variationsin. load on said turbine, w ich comprises utilizing the speed governorof wide efi'ective speed range, and compensating for the operatingeflect of said governor to cause themaintenance of any one ofsaidconstant speeds during a relatively small part of the total'range ofsaid governo and utilizing a variation in the head on safe I turbine forproducin a change from one to another of said speeds.

21. The method ofcontrolling a hydraulic turbine operable underconditions of variable available supply of water at the turbine inlet,which comprises regulating the turbine so as to produce operationthereof at a controlled speed under conditions of variable load on theturbine, and utilizing a variation in the available supply of water atthe turbine inlet for exercising a-controlling effect on the powerconvertible by said turbine and independently of the load thereon. v 1

22. A hydraulic power installation, comprising a hydraulic turbinesubject to avariable available sup ly of water, controlling means forsaid tur ine operative "to maintain a predetermined speed of saidturbine under conditions of variable load thereon, and means responsiveto variations in the available supply of water for said turbine forexercising a controllingeifect on said turbine independently of the loadthereon.

23. A power installation, comprising a prime mover subject to a variableavailable supply of operating fluid for conversion thereby, controllingmeans for said rime mover operative to maintain a 'pre etermined speedunder conditions of variable load on said prime mover, and means 0eratively associated with said contro ing means and responsive to theavailable supply of operating fluid for said prime mover or causingvariation in the amount of power that may be delivered by said primemover during controlled operation thereof.

24. A h draulic power installation, com prising a ydraulic turbinesubject to operation under a widely varyin range of head thereon, andmeans indepen ent of the load on said turbine and responsive to saidheadfor increasing the degree to which the efliciency of said turbine issustained throughout the range of variation in the head to which saidturbine is subjected. v

25. A power installation, comprising a prime mover, means for regulatingthe admission of operating fluid to said prime mover to insurecontrolled operation of said prime mover under one set of normal runningconditions, and means erning said automatically controlled from adistance for modifying the controlling efiect of said first means toinsure controlled operation of said prime mover under another set ofoperating conditions.

26. A power installation, comprising a prime mover, means forautomatically gov rime mover to insure its operation at a efinitecontrolled speed under 'a condition of normal operation, andremote-controlled, electromagnetically actuated instrumentalitiesoperatively associated with said governing means for automaticallyvarying the value of the maximum load that may be carried by saidv primemover. a

27. In a power system, a prime mover, means for controlling theadmission of oper- .ating fluid to said prime mover, means for governingthe de e of openin of said admission-controlling means, sai governingmeans including speed responsive means for maintaining the speed of saidprime mover at a predetermined value under a condition ofnormaloperation thereof,

'electromagnetically actuated means conmeans on the speed of saidprimemover.

28. A power installation, comprising a prime mover,'means forcontrolling the'ad mission of operating fluid to said prime mover,governing means for controlling the degree of opening of saidadmission-con trolllng means, said governinglmeans 1neluding-meansresponsive to the speed of said prime mover for maintaining said speedat a predetermined value under one condition ofnorrnal operation of saidprime moverfor power-supplying purposes,- motoroperatedinstrumentalities for modifying the e ect of said governin means whilestill permitting operation 0 said prime mover, and means disposed at adistant point for controlling said motor.

29. A power installation, comprising a prime mover, means forautomatically governing said rime mover to insure its operation at aefinite controlled speed under one condition of normal operation, and

means responsive to a condition attendant upon the operation of said'prime'mover and operatively associated with said governing means forautomatically controllin a characteristic of the operation of sai primemover without interrupting its operation for power-supplying purposes.

30. In a power system, a prime mover, means for regulating the admissionof operating fluid to said prime mover, means for controlling saidregulating means to main 'tain the speed of said prime mover at apredetermined value under one condition of normal operation thereofwherein said prime mover supplies energy to said system, and meansresponsive to a condition concerned with the supply of operating. fluidavailable for conversion by said rime mover for altering the efie'ct ofsaid controlling means on said regulating means under another conditionof operation of said prime mover wherein the latter supplies energy tosaid stem.

31. a power system, a hydraulic turbine, means for regulating theadmission of operating fluid to said turbine, means for controllin saidregulating means to .main-' tain a de nite s eed' of said turbine underone condition 0 normal operation thereof, and float-controlled meansoperativelyassociated with said regulating means and responsive to theavailable supply of water for said turbine and effective thereby toalter the efiect of said controlling means to thereby cause variation ina characteristlc of the operation of said turbine for powersupplyinprising a ydraulic turbine subLect to operation under conditions ofvaria 10 available "condition of normal 0 eration for powersupplyingpurposes, an means responsive to the available head on said turbine forexerting a controlling effect on said turbine whereby its efiieiency ofoperation is sustained to an increased degree in spite of operation ofsaid turbine under variable heads.

In testimon whereof, the signature of the inventor is a xed hereto.

ARNOLD PFAU.-

